The 25 Greatest Fly Patterns of All Time

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Decisions, decisions. If you’re a fly angler, you have lots to make. Yes, there are plenty of different lures on tackle-shop shelves, but not nearly as many as there are different fly patterns in well-stocked shops. You might find 10 or even 20 different brands of in-line spinner, for example, but they all function alike. The same can be said of the best crankbaits

, best jerkbaits

, and best soft-plastic baits

. Meanwhile, you can find yourself staring at 50 different streamer flies, and none of them are crafted exactly the same. Subtle differences can completely change their functionality, too. The same goes for dry flies: One floats high on the surface, then next rides low in the film, and another has a wing style that’s easier to see in low light. So, which are the best? And how to you choose?

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One great place to begin is by looking at classic patterns that have stood the test of time and have been catching fish for decades. Many of those flies are on the list below. But you also have to factor in modern advances that have helped to create standout new patterns. With all of that in mind, below are my picks for the 25 greatest flies ever tied. Some are old, some are new, but they cover all the bases. Put them in your vest, and suddenly, choosing the best fly for the fish you’re after will get a whole lot easier.

The Greatest Freshwater Flies

1. Wooly Bugger

Target Species: Trout, bass, panfish, carp

Key Features: Marabou-feather tail; chenille-and-spun-hackle body; weighted core or head

Depending on the size and color, a Wooly Bugger can imitate a baitfish, stonefly nymph, or even a crayfish. Bass Pro Shops

The Wooly Bugger

may be the most versatile and productive fly ever created for use in freshwater. What makes this bug so great is that it packs the functionality of multiple fly patterns all into one incredibly simple design. Whereas many flies represent one forage, the Bugger can mirror almost anything you need it to, depending on the sizes and colors you have and how you present it to the fish. Strip a big white bugger aggressively, and it’s a swimming baitfish. Drift a small, black bugger below a strike indicator

, and it’s a stonefly nymph. Twitch an olive, orange, or brown Bugger along the bottom, and it’s a crawfish. Most important, no matter what you make it imitate, the Wooly Bugger also has that key quality that all great patterns do: It just catches fish.

2. Parachute Adams

Target Species: Trout

Key Features: Highly visible parachute post, sparse tail, gray body

Can’t identify the mayflies coming off? No worries. Tie on and Adams, and you’ll probably catch fish. Bass Pro Shops

Part of being a good dry-fly fishermen is being able to identify specific bugs hatching on the river, and many dry fly patterns are meant to help you take advantage of that knowledge by mimicking those bugs exactly. The Parachute Adams

isn’t one. In fact, it’s a bit of a black sheep in this regard. But that’s part of what makes it great. Instead of representing a specific aquatic insect, this simple upwing pattern, tied with neutral colors, essentially represents all of them. If you carry an assortment of Adams in your box, all you have to do is match the size of the bugs that are hatching, and there’s a strong chance you’ll get trout to rise to this fly no matter how keyed in they are on something specific. Whether it’s a crutch or a savior is up for debate, but you won’t find many trout fishermen that don’t have an Adams or three on hand—or who won’t tie one on when the fish are refusing all other patterns.

3. Drunk & Disorderly

Target Species: Trout, bass, pike

Key Features: Sharply angled head, jointed body, lots of flash

Something about the action of this articulated streamer fly gets big fish to bite. Ole Florida Fly Shop

Born at the vise of noted Michigan-based trout guide, Tom Lynch, the Drunk and Disorderly

, or D&D, isn’t for beginner fly anglers—but, boy, does it hammer big fish. The angle of the shaved deer-hair head was modeled after the lip of a classic Rapala Floating Minnow plug. However, unlike a plug that can be brought to life by simply reeling, the D&D requires some specific rod work to dance. It’s best fished on a sink-tip line

, which creates a bow underwater that helps pull this buoyant pattern down when you strip. Short, fast strips will make it jackknife and change directions, exposing its flashy side profile as it moves. It will wear out your arms by the end of the day, but something about its action upsets giant brown trout, smallmouths, and pike so much that they usually can’t help but slam this streamer.

4. Prince Nymph

Target Species: Trout, panfish, steelhead

Key Features: Split white wing, ribbed body, split tail

The Prince Nymph has enough flash to get fish’s attention and a buggy enough appearance to make the eat. Bass Pro Shops

The Prince Nymph

was created by California-based angler, Doug Prince, in the 1930s, and it’s been hammering trout the world over ever since. Though it was technically designed to mimic a dark stonefly in its larval stage, the Prince is now revered as a generic catch-all that works at almost any time or place. Its potency comes from its contrasts; light wings against a dark body and a bit of flash next to a neutral tail give it the ability to represent a wide range of aquatic insects simultaneously, and it will look different depending on the light and water conditions. It’s particularly lethal in fast-moving water where trout have less time to study a meal. In the end, the Prince Nymph just looks “buggy” as it rides the current, and to a trout, that means “delicious.”

5. Girdle Bug

Target Species: Trout, bass, carp

Key Features: Long rubber legs, heavily weighted core

Funny looking as it is, the Girdle Bug has an almost magical ability to catch fish. Amazon

It’s not uncommon to hear a Girdle Bug

called something even less dignified—the “turd fly.” It’s a funny name but also fitting, considering that the pattern is not much more than a long, brown, cigar-shaped body and some rubber legs. In the water, though, it has an almost magical ability to hook fish under tough conditions or when nothing else will. Like other flies that have made this list, the Girdle Bug likely started as one thing—a stonefly pattern that was easy for busy trout guides to tie for their clients—but it evolved into another. These days, it’s seen as a versatile and deadly generic pattern that can represent anything from a crayfish to a drowned beetle. It simply looks like food, and its weighted core gets it down fast, making it a ringer in deep holes. Because its long rubber legs create vibration, the Girdle Bug is a go-to in off-color water, too.

6. Zonker

Target Species: Trout, bass, pike

Key Features: Long rabbit-strip tail, weighted underbelly

The Zonker’s long strip of rabbit fur seems to breathe underwater, giving it lifelike action. Amazon

The Zonker

has been around for decades, and it’s one of the most effective baitfish-imitating patterns ever tied. Dan Byford, the owner of a fly shop in Colorado, is credited with the creation of the pattern around 1975. As the story goes, Byford drew inspiration from patterns coming out of New Zealand, where tiers leaned into rabbit hide as a tying material far more than their American counterparts of the era. A Mylar body hides the Zonker’s weighted core, which helps the fly get down quickly, and the single strip of fur tied to and extending past the long-shank hook seems to breathe underwater, adding lifelike action. Zonkers are available in a wide range of sizes and colors, all of which will get slurped by any predator that eats smaller fish.

7. Boogle Bug

Target Species: Bass, panfish

Key Features: Deeply cupped mouth; thick, epoxy finish; rubber legs

What makes this popper stand out is its toughness. Amazon

There is no shortage of popper flies on the market, but in my opinion, the Boogle Bug

stands alone. This isn’t because of it’s design, as the fly is far from revolutionary. What sets the Boogle Bug apart is its toughness. You can buy a bag of 30 poppers for $20 on Amazon, but don’t expect them to last long or to be tied on quality hooks. Boogles, on the other hand, are finished in a thick epoxy coating that is very hard and tough to chip or crack. Another benefit of this finish is noise. When a Boogle Bug

lands on the water, it has a distinct slap that I believe gets the attention of fish faster than the softer plop of foam or hair poppers. This bug’s deeply scooped mouth also moves a lot of water when you pop it, which drives smallmouth bass nuts.

8. Stimulator

Target Species: Trout, bass

Key Features: Buoyant elk-hair wing; large, buggy profile

Skitter this fly over the surface—and hold on. Bass Pro Shops

The Stimulator

—or “Stimi”—does exactly what its name suggests; it stimulates fish into eating, even if they aren’t hungry. While this pattern can make trout rise anywhere, it’s most closely associated with Western trout fishing, where species like cutthroats and rainbows are often more opportunistic, rising to feed regardless of whether a hatch is occurring or not. Thanks to its large profile, a Stimulator can mimic anything from a grasshopper that fell into the river to a giant stonefly riding and skittering on the surface. Because this pattern is so buoyant, many anglers tie a length of leader to the bend of the hook and add a tiny nymph dropper fly below it, offering trout a surface and subsurface meal simultaneously.

9. San Juan Worm

Target Species: Trout, panfish, carp, steelhead

Key Features: Long, chenille body

Some people think it’s cheating, but this simple worm-fly just works. Bass Pro Shops

Even in flyfishing, it’s hard to beat a worm. In some circles, this fly is scoffed at, but nobody can argue with its ability to produce fish. Made of just two materials—chenille and thread—the San Juan Worm

is as simple a fly as you could ask for, but when one of these morsels goes wiggling and wagging past a trout, it’s rarely refused. Although San Juan Worms are available in a variety of natural shades of brown, hot pink is one of the most potent colors. In winter, when bug life drops way off, a pink San Juan fished below a split shot on a dead drift is an absolute crusher.

10. Salmon Egg

Target Species: Trout, steelhead, carp

Key Features: Available in a huge array of colors and weights

Eggs pattern can fool trout whether there’s an abundance of natural eggs in a given river or not. Bass Pro Shops

Fly fishing is all about matching the hatch, which makes egg flies

somewhat controversial. In river systems that host spawning wild or introduced steelhead, salmon, or lake-run brown trout, these flies do, in fact, mimic a primary food source, as the natural eggs of spawning fish provide protein-rich morsels that are quickly gobbled up. However, you can take a salmon egg fly to any river holding trout, and even if those fish have never even sniffed a natural salmon or steelhead egg, they’ll eat it. Some people believe recognizing eggs as a food source is an instinct in all trout, while others just think a bright, round thing in the water simply looks edible. Either way, egg flies can save the day on any trout stream, and as they also look like berries, carp love them, too.

11. Pheasant Tail

Target Species: Trout, panfish

Key Features: Copper ribbing, peacock-herl thorax

The Pheasant Tail is a generic mayfly nymph pattern that work great by itself or as a dropper. Bass Pro Shops

Invented by English river keeper, Frank Sawyer, in the 1950s, the Pheasant Tail

was made to imitate a variety of mayflies nymphs in the famed chalk streams of the U.K. All these decades later, it’s still one of the most productive nymph patterns ever tied. With its dark color and sparse profile, it look like so many bugs in their larval stages that you can never go wrong fishing one, especially if you don’t know exactly which aquatic insects are crawling around on the bottom. The Pheasant Tail is also a common dropper fly because in small sizes it’s very light. A mid-sized dry fly can easily support a tiny pheasant tail hanging below it. It’s a top choice for double-nymph rigs that lean on one light and one dark pattern, too.  

12. Dragon Tail

Target Species: Bass, pike

Key Features: Sparse head, high-action tapered tail

Remember the Squirmy Worm children’s toy. Well, it at the heart of this incredibly effective streamer fly. Orvis

Believe it or not, the Dragon Tail

was born out of a failed kids’ toy. Marketed as the Squirmel and Squirmy Worm in the early 2000s, these soft chenille snake-like creatures were stuffed in birthday party goody bags, but it’s the legendary fly angler, Captain David Mangum, who is credited with first turning them into flies. Originally, the cheap toys were only available in neon colors. Mangum pushed material companies to make them in natural shades like white and olive and the Dragon Tail streamer was born. The tail shimmies seductively whether you’re stripping fast or pausing to let the fly hang, and it’s often during the stop that a Dragon Tail gets creamed. A bonus feature of this two-material pattern is that it’s very quick to tie—which comes in handy when toothy fish sheds your fly.

13. Dahlberg Diver

Target Species: Bass, pike

Key Features: Diving collared head, rubber legs

You can fish a Dahlberg Diver on the surface or just under it; either way, it hammers bass and pike. Amazon

Created by renowned angler Larry Dahlberg, this pattern made of feathers, rubber legs, and a carved-hair head has become a staple for fly anglers chasing largemouth bass and pike. What makes the Dahlberg Diver

so unique is that, depending on how you fish it, the fly doubles as a topwater and subsurface pattern. The sloped head and flared collar are the keys to its action. When you strip hard, the head shape forces the fly under a few inches, wobbling as it dives. But it’ll quickly pop back up, creating a commotion on the surface. If you fish it on a sinking fly line, however, the Dahlberg’s buoyancy will make it hover in the water column, and strips will make it shimmy a little like a crankbait. No matter how you fish it, takes are not subtle when this gaudy hair bug gets smacked.

14. Game Changer

Target Species: Bass, pike, trout

Key Features: Multi-jointed body, large eyes

The Game Changer is essentially a modern swimbait for fly anglers. Orvis

Created by savant fly tyer, Blane Chocklett, the Game Changer

is one of the most revolutionary flies to hit the scene in recent years. Leaning into modern synthetic materials and hardware, like metal posts that link together to create joints, Chocklett essentially made a modern swimbait for fly anglers. Available in a range of sizes and configurations, the Game Changer has a sexy, slithering wiggle when retrieved at any speed. Most important, it’s doing something even when you’re doing nothing. On the pause, the Game Changer maintains some flutter on the fall, which does a brilliant job of imitating a struggling, injured baitfish.

15. Muddler Minnow

Target Species: Trout, bass

Key Features: Spun-hair head, gold body

The Muddler Minnow has been catching fish for more almost 90 years. Amazon

The Muddler Minnow

is a true classic. Created by Don Gapen in 1936, this streamer fooled its first trout on the Nipigon River in Ontario, Canada. Today, the Muddler can be found in every fly shop the world over. Gapen originally intended his pattern to mimic a sculpin, which is a small, bottom-hugging fish that thrives in many trout waters. The tightly packed head made of deer-belly hair adds buoyancy, so, when fished with a little weight on the leader, the muddler would hover and dart during the retrieve. One of the most popular ways to fish this fly is on the swing. Cast across current and slightly upstream, then let your line swing in an arc downriver. The current imparts plenty of action, and when you get hit during this presentation, make sure you’re holding the rod tightly.

The Greatest Saltwater Flies

16. Clouser Minnow

Target Species: Striped bass, redfish, seatrout, false albacore

Key Features: Weighted dumbbell eyes, upturned hook

Originally intended as a smallmouth bass fly, the Clouser is now a staple for saltwater fly anglers. Bass Pro Shops

The truth is that the Clouser Minnow

is as deserving of a spot among the top freshwater flies as it is here. After all, famed angler, Bob Clouser, invented it to target smallmouth bass on the Susquehanna River. That said, while it has proven to be a niche pattern in lakes and rivers, it is now ubiquitous in saltwater environments. There’s not a saltwater predator swimming in the world that won’t take a shot at this fly, and you’d be hard pressed to find a salty fly angler that doesn’t have a few Clousers in his or her box. The magic lies in the heavy dumbbell-shaped eyes tied to the underside of the hook shank. These not only help the fly get down quickly, but they also give it an enticing jigging action on the strip. Available in a huge array of colors and sizes, Clousers can match practically any baitfish that exists. In pink and brown, they also double nicely as shrimp imitators.

17. Deceiver

Target Species: Striped bass, snook, redfish

Key Features: Long feather tail, epoxy head

Created by Lefty Kreh, the Deceiver is another streamer found in almost every saltwater fly angler’s box. Bass Pro Shops

Like the Clouser Minnow, the Deceiver

also holds its own in sweet water against targets like bass and pike. But pioneering designer and flycasting instructor, Lefty Kreh, created this pattern in the 1950s to fool his hometown striped bass on Chesapeake Bay. It has since become a go-to saltwater pattern across the globe, as it matches myriad baitfish that roam both in- and offshore. Though you can find Deceivers in a wide range of colors, white with a chartreuse back, blue back, or pink back have emerged as staples that will fool saltwater fish in any bay, ocean, or estuary on the planet.

18. Spoon Fly

Target Species: Seatrout, redfish

Key Features: Fluttering epoxy body, short tail

Some folks think of the Spoon Fly as more lure than a fly—but that doesn’t change how well it works. Discount Flies

The Spoon Fly

elicits eye rolls from many anglers, as it straddles the line between a fly and lure. As the name suggests, spoon flies are modeled very closely after traditional metal spoons that would be cast on conventional gear. Whether you like the Spoon Fly or not, you cannot deny their potency for species like redfish and seatrout. Spoon Flies can represent anything from a small baitfish to a sand crab or tiny fleeing shrimp, and in stained water, their shine and vibration gives you a serious advantage. They wobble on the fall just like a conventional spoon, which is when they usually get hit during sight-casting situations. When stripped, they wiggle and glide from side to side, creating a nearly irresistible target for a host of inshore species.

19. Gurgler

Target Species: Tarpon, redfish, striped bass, snook

Key Features: Foam body and flared head; sparse, deer-hair tail

As its name implies, the Gurgler makes noise on the surface that attracts tarpon, stripers, and redfish. Amazon

Invented by Jack Gartside in 1988, the Gurgler

was modeled after a beetle pattern used for trout. Gartside scaled up the size of the foam body and extended the head over the hook eye. In doing so, he created a deadly topwater pattern that could be chugged across the surface to create a commotion or slowly stripped to produce a V-wake that fish could follow right to the target. Depending on the color, a Gurgler can represent anything from a shrimp to a peanut bunker to a crab swimming across the water. The ability to match a wide variety of forage has made the pattern a staple across the world for species like tarpon, striped bass, and redfish, all of which are easily enticed by an injured or distressed meal making a commotion on the surface.

20. Crazy Charlie

Target Species: Bonefish, redfish

Key Features: Bead-chain eyes, weed guard

The Crazy Charlie does a perfect job of imitating the tiny shrimp that bonefish crave. Amazon

In essence, a Crazy Charlie

is a micro Clouser Minnow with lightweight bead-chain eyes instead of lead dumbbell eyes. It also often features a weed guard to keep debris or sea grass from covering the fly, which is critical considering this pattern was developed specifically for targeting wary bonefish in ultra-skinny water. The design is credited to angler Bob Nauheim, who modified a baitfish pattern called the Ghost Minnow to make it appear more like one of the tiny shrimp that bonefish crave. Though Crazy Charlies are available in many colors, natural colors like tan, white, light olive, and light pink typically lead the pack in terms of productivity. Crazy Charlies splash down lightly so they don’t spook feeding bonefish easily, and when stripped across a sandy bottom, they’ll create small puffs that get a fish’s attention fast.

21. Bob’s Banger

Target Species: Striped bass, bluefish, jacks, snook, redfish

Key Features: Large hook, wide-profile foam head

Bob’s Banger is made to get the attention of trophy-size stripers and redfish. Ole Florida Fly Shop

Developed by legendary Northeastern tyer, Bob Popovics, the Banger lives up to its name. It’s loud. Not only does it slap down hard to grab the attention of fish, but it also moves a ton of water after a hard strip, making one heck of a commotion on the surface. Bob’s Banger

is largely considered a big-fish fly, as the pattern is usually offered in large sizes with strong hooks capable of standing up to predators like trophy stripers, bull redfish, and even exotic targets like giant trevally on the other side of the world. Because these flies are so air resistant, it takes a heavier fly rod and bit of oomph to send them, but it’s worth the effort. When a Bob’s Banger gets taken down, it’s not a strike—it’s an explosion.

22. Merkin Crab

Target Species: Permit, redfish, bonefish, snook

Key Features: Heavy lead eyes, long rubber legs, round profile

The Merkin Crab is widely regarded as one of the the most effective permit flies ever. Amazon

Created by visionary fly tyer Del Brown, the original Merkin Crab

had a body made from tan rug fibers trimmed into a round crab shape. These days, a variety of different synthetic materials have taken the place of repurposed carpet, but the Merkin is still regarded as one of the most effective permit flies ever tied. The forward position of the lead eyes help this pattern sit vertically on the bottom, allowing the body to breathe and the rubber legs to flutter away. A notoriously wary fish, permit snub all but the most natural offerings—and yet a Merkin often makes the play. Likewise, any crab eaters like redfish and even striped bass have a hard time resisting Del Brown’s masterpiece.

23. Surf Candy

Target Species: Striped bass, false albacore, bluefish

Key Features: Slim profile, epoxy resin body

The Surf Candy does a great job of mimicking small, skinny baitfish like glass minnows and sand eels. Lost Coast Outfitters

Another pattern from Bob Popovics’ vice, the Surf Candy

was created in the 1970s and was one of the first patterns to lean into clear epoxy as a primary material. Popovics used it to mat down sparse flash material, creating a highly effective imitator of especially small baitfish, such as glass minnows and sand eels. Knowing that large predators gorge themselves on these tiny morsels at certain times of the year, Popovics added a strong, short-shank hook capable of handling hard runs and a lot of pressure. The Surf Candy can fly anglers an upper hand when fish are feeding on extremely small, slender baitfish not easily imitated with conventional lures.

24. Hollow Fleye

Target Species: Striped bass, tuna, jacks

Key Features: Extra-wide profile, large eyes

The genius of Bob Popovics’ Hollow Fleye is that it mimics extra-large baitfish, yet the fly itself is surprisingly light and easy to cast. All Points Flyfishing

A final entry from master fly tyer Bob Popovics—and more or less the opposite of the last one—the Hollow Fleye

is designed to mimic extra-large baitfish, like menhaden and Boston mackerel. The genius of this pattern, however, is that despite its size, it takes minimal effort to cast because of its design. Instead of piling gobs of hair and feathers onto a hook shank, Popovics tied sparse segments of tapering bucktail to a stiff piece of monofilament lashed to the hook shank and extending well beyond the bend. This creates the wide profile of a large baitfish while keeping the pattern nearly weightless. Because they are very time consuming to tie, Hollow Fleyes aren’t cheap, but there is no greater choice for situations where you want to attack huge fish consuming huge forage with a fly rod.

25. Crease Fly

Target Species: Striped bass, mahi-mahi, tarpon, redfish

Key Features: Folded sheet foam body, large eyes

The simple Crease Fly is one of the best imitators of peanut bunker, a key target of stripers and tuna. Musky Fool

Invented by Northeast-based captain Joe Blados, the Crease Fly

rarely gets the credit it’s due. Though considered a classic, the pattern has been largely overshadowed in modern times thanks to so many advances in materials. But the Crease Fly is still incredibly effective. It consists of a sparse tail of flash and deer hair and a triangular piece of sheet foam that’s folded around the hook shank and glued in place. This creates a body that mirrors a peanut bunker, a primary food source of inshore favorites like stripers, as well as offshore targets like mahi-mahi and tuna. The Crease Fly is especially deadly when fished on a sink tip line, as it’ll dive a few inches on the strip and then pop back to the surface. It also works well as a topwater fly because it will splash and jackknife during the retrieve—right up until it gets smashed.